Failing to Learn from the Past: Perspective from History on Today’s Events
June 11, 2024
Host: Dr. Jamie Mitchell
Guest: Dr. Ed Hardesty
Note: This transcript is taken from a Stand in the Gap Today program originally aired on June 11, 2024. To listen to the podcast, click HERE.
Disclaimer: While reasonable efforts have been made to provide an accurate transcription, the following is a representation of a mechanical transcription and as such, may not be a word for word transcript. Please listen to the audio version for any questions concerning this dialogue.
Jamie Mitchell: It’s a joy again to spend an hour with you on Stand In the Gap Today. I’m your host, Jamie Mitchell, director of church culture with the American Pastor’s Network. Just last week, my wife and I returned from a trip to Scotland. We went to celebrate our 40th anniversary and my 65th birthday. But beyond the celebration, we went to investigate my roots. On a past trip, I discovered that both of my grandfathers were born one year apart, just three houses away from each other in the same town. And here’s one more strange fact. Both of my grandfathers were named Alex Mitchell. I’m the third. They named me after them, even in a local cemetery, I found dozens of Alex Mitchell’s. It was kind of a strange experience, and so we decided to go back, trace my history. It was fascinating to learn so much and it also explained so much I could fully understand why certain relationship to my family played out the way they did, and what was the reason for making certain decisions, even why we have a particular disposition in certain things.
Jamie Mitchell: See, history really sheds light on the present and it’s essential to understand the future. Not only is this true in my personal ancestry, but even more so when we consider world events. As we look around at the globe, we see things developing. We must consider the historical perspective to make sense of why things are happening. The problem is that we forget the past and take very little time to educate ourselves. In regard to history today on Standing the Gap, we want to take a quick trip around the globe and gain a snapshot on history and some major events in the news and to be with me today as a new friend to our program. Dr. Ed Hardesty has taught for 30 years at Cairn University, his advanced degrees in Jewish studies. He served in the military and he has a unique take on what’s happening in today’s news. Ed, welcome to Stand In the Gap.
Ed Hardesty: Well, thank you Jamie. I appreciate the opportunity to be with you today.
Jamie Mitchell: Well, Ed, I want to look at three specific regions of the world, Russia, China, if we have a little time, Haiti, and of course I want to talk about Israel, but first in a general sense concerning history. When we look back in history, we should not be surprised at the ebb and flow of the nations, their rises and falls, and even how they act out. Why Ed, is it important for us to really understand world history, to understand conflicts that we face today and are they a good predictor of the future
Ed Hardesty: In terms of predicting the future? The Lord was pretty clear that there’ll be wars and rumors of wars, but the end is not yet. So what we face on a daily and decade and yearly basis and even back into antiquity is nothing new. It’s normal until the Lord returns. So it behooves us to really be aware of the different elements and movements of people, the different ideologies that are holding sway at any given period to understand how we are to be those who are in the forefront of the battle, to curtail evil and to reward good, to promote freedom, and to stop the tyrants and dictators. There are a number of people available today and extant in our historic situation who are more than happy to run roughshod over top of folks who find themselves relatively defenseless. I believe with all my heart that the Christian’s perspective on this is he who is in the front for the Lord in order to curtail evil and speak truth to all the error we see around us. History’s an incredibly important component in that because it helps us understand how fallen men think and how things develop around us. If we ignore that, then we ignore the material the Lord has made available to us so that we can discharge our mission before him.
Jamie Mitchell: Help me with this because, and maybe I’m wrong in how I see it, but I see that there has been an abandoning of history, that kind of an ignoring of it, and if not the abandoning and ignoring of it even worse, there has been this rewriting of history or revisionist history. Am I right on that and is that equally dangerous than just not being concerned about history?
Ed Hardesty: I think you’ve put your finger on something that is an element of today’s society and evermore growing. It’s one thing to be ignorant and to sit back complacent and watch things go by. It’s another to seek to engineer people’s thoughts concerning the past so that they have no ability to deal with what’s facing ’em. To me, especially as I look at students coming into the academic situation in higher learning, more and more they come functionally illiterate in terms of the past. They have received the local rewrites. It’s almost as I remember reading as a young person in school, George Orwell’s, 1984, and we were discussing it and talking about how fanciful that seemed, and it’s a great story, but that’s absurd. That’ll never happen. It is our experience today. It’s all around us and in our country. We can see it just looking, I think Covid revealed a great deal of what was going on in the primary and secondary academic levels that have produced the collegiate situation we see today, and it is no question a rewrite of history and an attempt to erase that which would teach us things we ought not be involved in.
Ed Hardesty: Things that do bring glory to the Lord and help people function in freedom and righteousness.
Jamie Mitchell: And it’s not just recent history, but this plays out in everything. We need to understand biblical history. We need to understand the movements of the worlds from Europe coming to America. All of that is important for Christians to have a handle on. Is that correct?
Ed Hardesty: Oh, absolutely. I remember as a young man in secular university prior to my military experience looking at European history, and it was always taught from a secular point of view. But as I went on to Bible college after military and then on into seminary and then a great deal of study on my own, I began to understand that just for instance, just as an example, the secular history of Europe divorced from church history is only a part of the story, and I found in later studies that if you divorce both church history and secular history from the history of the diaspora, the Jews that were cast out of their homeland, running away from the pogroms and the different persecutions, once you see how different ethnic groups were treated within a greater context of folks that were indigenous to the area, you began to understand how the flow of history was affected by culture, by language, by all sorts of natural calamities as well as manufactured calamities by people who were seeking power.
Jamie Mitchell: Yes, Hey, I remember reading about the fall of the Roman Empire and I comment to myself, nothing really ever changes. Well, when we come back, why is Russia acting out the way they are? What can we expect from Putin? We’re talking about the nations and history today here on Stand In the Gap, we’re discussing the importance of history in regards to evaluating current events and anticipating the future. Dr. Ed Hardesty is our guest today. Ed, let’s talk about Russia. Most people, when we consider Russia, we think Putin primarily because he’s been around so long and he has been the face of the Russian people for so long, but our issues with Russia date back decades, if not centuries. How does Russia’s history play into why Putin is acting out the way he is today?
Ed Hardesty: Doug, excellent question, and you are utterly correct. Our involvement with Russia is centuries rather than decades, but I think the modern history of this really gives us a good picture. When we moved or when the Russian people moved from Zaris to Russia into the Russian Revolution in the early part of the 20th century, Lenin and the Communist Party took over. But the big standout after the ideological battles were laid to rest was Joseph Stalin, who reigned from 1929 to 1953. That takes him through the World War II era. What many Americans and Westerners don’t seem to understand is that when Russia was attacked by the Germans, by the Nazis, their response to that cost them hundreds of thousands of deaths. They suffered far greater on the eastern front than Western people did on the Western front. In taking back those pieces of property and governments and peoples from Nazi Germany, Stalin in power at the time had already consolidated his power.
Ed Hardesty: One of the ways he did that was having eliminated over three quarters of a million of his own people who were dissidents, he simply eliminated his opposition. So in World War II is over the land that they had liberated from the Nazis became theirs. They occupied it, and the USSR was formed, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, that was the golden days of Russia. As far as modernity is concerned, Putin is in that long line of people and he seems to be seeking to restore the glory of Russia and the USSR. The whole situation with Crimea was taking back land that they thought rightfully belongs to them. The countries of Eastern Europe today, those that are in NATO as a buffer against Russian aggression are those that were taken over by the Russians after World War ii. And then when the Iron Curtain fell and the whole situation with Gorbachev and President Reagan ended in a bloodless end of the Iron Curtain coming down all sorts of elections and posturing by the communists to regain full and complete power in Russia.
Ed Hardesty: Begin again March, 2014. Putin takes the Crimea after he’s elected. He’d been in office for about 14 years at that point. But by the time you move forward into what today is 25 years in power for Putin, he’s still posturing. He’s still looking for opportunity, and all those things are seeking to restore the glory that was theirs in the powerful days of the Cold War and the USSR. It has everything to do oil. It has everything to do with grain and food products with controlling the West and with warm water ports in the south around Crimea and Ukraine.
Jamie Mitchell: Ed, when I was a very young kid, I started to get an understanding on politics, and the Russian leader at the time was Khrushchev, and he was animated and he was like a kid who has a DD on stereo banging his shoe on the desk of the un, and as time goes on, as I was a teenager then you mentioned it, Ronald Reagan was the president and Mikhail Gorbachev was the president, and that was a different day of Russia. There was changes taking place and we had this great showdown. Is that the kind of showdown that’s needed? Is it even possible? And Ed, before time runs out, I want you to link where Israel fits into the whole Russia thing, but first, address this issue. What’s going to happen? Are we moving towards a time of a US Russia personality driven showdown? Where are we at in that whole thing?
Ed Hardesty: I think the only thing that deters that kind of aggression is a show of strength and the clear indication of a willingness to use it. One of the things that seems to have been most effective with tyrants of this sort who have such aspirations is to make it very clear that there are lines they cannot cross. What is ethnically Russian ought to belong to Russia and ought to have influence exerted over it by Russia, but beyond their control, things that they had become part of or conquered or occupied, that needs to be stopped, and the only way that can be done. Well, let me read you a quote from Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a man who spent many, many decades in the gulags because he was such a free thinker in the Russian economy and Russian public, timid, civilized world has found nothing with which to oppose the onslaught of a sudden revival of bare face barbarity other than concessions and smiles, they will look for opportunity as Putin has proven several times already for weakness, and they will exploit that weakness very quickly. It must be stopped and confrontation may be in the future. I certainly hope not. I don’t want my sons daughters to experience what I had to experience to seek to stop the aggression of Godless face of communism.
Jamie Mitchell: Yeah. How about Israel Ed? We know biblically this plays a role, but we see two wars going on both in Ukraine and then the stirring up in the Middle East. How does Russia and Israel, how does that play out?
Ed Hardesty: Israel and Russia go way back when Israel was cast out of the land, first by ass Syrians, then Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome, much of them moved into Europe at the time or into North Africa running away from the persecution. There’s always been a presence in the land, but many people were banished, were chased away or sought some kind of privilege elsewhere. They were marginalized all through European history, so much so that they were set apart in a place called the pale of settlement. Jewish people in Poland and Eastern Europe were subjugated between Eastern Europe and Russia in a place where they were denied privilege, denied voting, denied decent jobs, et cetera. The pae of settlement after Czarist Russia fell was somewhat dissolved later. If you’ve ever seen the play and later the movie Fiddler on the Roof, it’s precisely the lifestyle and the cultural experience of what went on in the pale of settlement.
Ed Hardesty: When the Bolshevik Revolution took place in Russia, they were allowed if they would leave their Judaism behind to hold jobs in mother Russia. But eventually the Russians under Stalin actually put together a place for settlement for the Jews, a second place other than Israel where they could go. It was in the extreme east of Russia. It’s a place called the Blas. It was designated in 1928 and established in 1934. The idea was to handle their Jewish problem by providing a place for them to live. Well. By the time you get to the late fifties and sixties of the 19 hundreds, less than 4% of Jews lived there simply because it was swampland. It was out in the middle of nowhere. It was simply to banish them and get them out from the way of what was going on around them. So when the Iron Curtain fought, the Jews left into robes from Soviet Russia.
Ed Hardesty: They had been marginalized and persecuted just as they had been in Europe throughout the Middle Ages, and they flocked to Israel in one of the great all or returns to the land. It’s an amazing story. Many friends in Israel today are operating with the Russian people, especially the multiple generations of those immigrants in the great Aliya. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, they came to Israel understanding they were Jewish because they had been persecuted because of it, but they had no knowledge of Torah, no knowledge of their Jewish specific religious background. It’s a very interesting situation. Many of them are settled into the northern part of Israel today around the area of Haifa, the major port. Yet the history with Jews and their diaspora and persecution in both Europe and Russia are part of the reason that the state of Israel was so necessary to come into full being after World War ii.
Jamie Mitchell: Wow. You know, Ed, we got less than a minute left, but the thing as we’re talking, it just strikes me, is our modern politicians know very little about history, nor do they talk about it when they are setting forth policy plans as they discuss things that are happening around the globe, they’re more so ideologues pushing what they want to see happen. Instead of being a little more reflective on what is occurring around the world and what that is to a detriment, it seems that at the heart of Russia’s issues are some deep seeded bitterness from the past. When we come back, what’s happening in China? Does China’s history play a role in why this powder cake in the Pacific is brewing? Come back and join with us as we talk about history and its effects on our world today here at Stand of the Gap today. Well, Dr. Ed Hardesty is our guest today. We’re talking about history and its implications on world events today. Ed, what a joy to have you with us. Before we go any further, I want you to fill in some blank for our listeners. Obviously, you’ve spent most of your adult life teaching God’s word, preparing the next generation in higher learning, however, you also served in the military. When did you serve? What did you do and how did those years serving in that way shape your thinking on some of the world events that’s happening?
Ed Hardesty: Oh, wow, Jamie. This would require another program altogether. I served for four years in the Air Force from 1966 to 1970. 21 months of that was in support of combat missions into Vietnam with B 50 twos out of Guam, Thailand, and Okinawa, and a full year of that, I was the weapons munitions, NCO for a squadron. We were called the Jolly Green Giants. We were a rescue squadron. Our mission was rescuing shutdown pilots and extracting deeply inserted teams that got in trouble and couldn’t make their lz to get out on their normal schedule. I was the weapons guy for the squadron.
Ed Hardesty: Consequently, we saw a great deal of action, and I was stationed at Ang, the northern most major base in South Vietnam, and ANGs reputation, its nickname was Rocket City because we were regularly shelled and mortar from hostile people around the area. One of the things that I saw was the bald face of communism, the idealism that knows no boundary when it comes to subjugating people, that idealism has in view some perfect form of this utopia of communism that in fact will sacrifice its own people. I think you see a similar situation with Hamas when they use their own civilians as human shields today. It’s that kind of idealism, that depth of commitment, that barbaric manner in which to achieve your ends. That really shapes one’s thinking when they look beyond the news. For instance, the Middle East today, if you listen to Al Jazeera report on a different significant event and then listen to a Roots Sheva or Jerusalem post or then pick up the BBC, then C-N-N-M-S-N-B-C, Newsmax and perhaps Fox, you’ll wonder if they’re all talking about the same event. Every history has a historiography. It’s usually told through the eyes of the observer, and no one is without predilections or biases when it comes to reporting things. So what I caught in Nam was a bird’s eye view of what things look like on the ground for the real people who are on the front lines seeking to contain this evil called communism.
Jamie Mitchell: That’s why I asked that question, ed, because we’re going to jump into China, and I knew with your experiences in Vietnam that that certainly gives you a certain advantage of looking at that like Russia. It has been influenced by communism and Marxist philosophy, but it has its own unique history. How does China’s history influence what we’re seeing them act out today in the world? Ed,
Ed Hardesty: Their chairman, their premier has made it very clear that his intention is to be the dominant power in the world, both militarily as well as commercially with the end of the dynasties of different warlords and things of that nature. The communist party was formed long before it came into power, and the Communist party in China is in some ideologues thinking more pure than that, which you would find in Russia with the exception maybe of North Korea by the time you get to the end of World War ii. And along with that, the Japanese occupation of China, Mayo begins purging the country and seeking to exert his purest form of communism to establish the people’s republic of China. That long range plan has followed quite directly with the great leap forward with the tenement square situation, with the takeover of Hong Kong, with looking at Taiwan as a natural cultural part of them, the building of different islands in the South China Sea in order to have advanced military and commercial bases.
Ed Hardesty: But I think the most nefarious thing that most do not see and our country should be very aware of is the way they have economically and commercially gone about subjugating major portions of the world. China right now stands as the largest trading partner with South America in Brazil. It’s the largest and the largest and most populous nation in the region. Their trade with China surpasses the United States by more than two to one in Africa today. They have gone into many, many different areas that we have had very little investment and gone in with funds for building bridges, for roads, especially for water projects, et cetera. The insidious thing is that they will lend the money to people to begin these projects with poor nations that in fact are looking for all the help they can get from anywhere because of their current situation. And with that loan comes Chinese workers who are paid more than the locals.
Ed Hardesty: And with the repayment of that loan, you now are subjugated by China and you are beholding to them. So you’ll be trading with them. You will have their ascent to whatever you wish to do. And Proverbs is correct. Be careful with surety because when you give away your sovereignty to someone else, especially when you owe them and they control you, you have just lost altogether and they can play you like a puppeteer. And that’s exactly what they’re doing in South America, portions of Latin America and Africa. Their long range plan is to commercially and militarily takeover,
Jamie Mitchell: And this has been on their mind for centuries. They have had this in their crawl, as we would say for a long time. So before time runs out, ed, you mentioned Taiwan and the potential takeover. Why do they want that country? Why do they feel they have the right to take it and why should we as a nation be concerned? Some might say, Hey, it’s over there. It’s just another country over there. We have enough concerns here. Why is Taiwan being taken over by communist China? A concern to us?
Ed Hardesty: Well, there’s a multitude of reasons. We speak to these things in simplistic fashion. They are incredibly complicated and convoluted. Taiwan is the buffer zone between them and Japan. Taiwan is a active traitor and great friend of the United States and the West in particular. Taiwan is ethnically Chinese just as Hong Kong was. And it’s a black eye as it were to China to have their people and what they consider their territory to be independent of them or ruled by someone else. What can you say to this? I remember being in Hong Kong being a very British background to things, and then friends have told me who still live there today, what it’s like under communist rule and how they seek to obliterate anything western in the culture altogether. It’s part of the major plan, and it would be like you and I giving away Puerto Rico to someone who is halfway around the world from us. We wouldn’t consider such a thing as too close to where coasts, the whole Cuban situation is a good example of all of that. The islands in the Caribbean, it’s ethnically there’s as far as they’re concerned, and it is a loss of face to not control that which is ethnically Chinese.
Jamie Mitchell: And again, we’re talking about learning from history Ed, and as we think about China and the strategy that they’re using, they’ve used this strategy forever. You’ve talked about it. They find these poor countries, especially countries throughout Africa, right now, are just being overwhelmed by Chinese control. But they go in, they bring their product and they make their product available. And because they have slaves over in China doing this, then they can bring a product at a greatly reduced rate. We can’t compete with Chinese products because they can undercut so much. And then all of a sudden, once they get into that country, they make that country beholding to them, and they overnight they become a slave to China and they have absolutely no problem. They don’t want to preach and teach and encourage self-reliance and democracy. They want those countries to be beholding to them. I mean, is that essentially what their plan is and historically what they’ve done?
Ed Hardesty: Absolutely. The proof of the pudding would be who is buying up the majority of farmland in this country under surrogate buyers. China is who holds the majority of our national debt. China does therefore, who controls our pharmaceutical industry in terms of manufacturing. China does. When’s the last item of clothes you got that wasn’t stamped made in China?
Jamie Mitchell: Wow. Well, one thing I hope will come from today and that you will not listen to the news the same way, but you will have greater discernment and understanding. I also hope that you’ll pray for these countries differently, especially the believers living there. When we return our final segment, we want to look at the Middle East. Maybe we’ll touch on Haiti. Maybe we will touch on our own United States history. We’re talking about history and how it affects our view of current events. Join us back for our last segment on Standing The gap today, well, today has been focused on history and why having a handle on history is essential for properly concluding what’s happening in the world today and discerning the news of the day. Ed Hardesty has been our guide for this discussion. Ed, I want you to end to talk a little bit about Israel and what we see brewing there and how historically that plays a role. But can you just take a minute or two and weigh in a little bit on Haiti? We’ve had some programs on that, but we see the turmoil, the violence, the gang takeover. There’s a long and sad history of corruption in their history. What can you tell us about our neighbors who are just 1800 miles away from us and their history?
Ed Hardesty: I have good friends who were missionaries in Haiti for over 20 years. Their daughter is married to one of the successful ministries that’s still continuing in Haiti today. After independence of Haiti 1804, there were successions of different unsuccessful governmental functions until along came a fellow by the name of Papa, Dr. Valier, 1956, a corrupt man himself. In 64, he had himself declared president for life, and he passed that particular position onto his son, which was called baby doc. After Papa Doc left this earth. Since all those days of dictatorship and corruption and voodoo and demonic activity, it has degenerated recently with the assassination of the most recent head of Haiti into a gang warfare situation. The rule of law is no more. It’s whichever gang holds what turf and who’s turf you find yourself upon. But I want to talk about, especially for just a moment, one beautiful bright spot in the midst of this Port-au-Prince may be a difficult place to be.
Ed Hardesty: And just recently, two missionaries were killed in a gang related incident in Port-au-Prince. But up on the plateau, there is a beautiful tiny little colony. I will leave the names out of it so that they’re not a target of things. But there was a man who was a Haitian who married the daughter of the missionaries I was speaking of who in fact started a little community. And in this community, instead of relying on outside help in an area that was absolutely difficult to live and people were leaving because there was no work, no way to support themselves, he established a Christian ministry where people had restored to them honor, respect, learning that they had to work for everything that they had, helping one another, chipping in having Christ at the center of their lives. And this little community is successful in the midst of an otherwise very dismal and decadent situation. They’re isolated. That’s why they at one point, at this point in particular, can remain functional because they have nothing that the gangs desire. They have no huge wealth, but they have each other and they have the Lord and the community is succeeding. It’s like a family grown up together. It’s really a beautiful thing to see in the midst of an otherwise long-term, incredibly dismal and getting darker by the moment situation.
Jamie Mitchell: And Ed, I don’t even want to take the lid off of the conversation about Haiti and all of the corruption from America and the money that we poured in there under the whole idea of humanitarian efforts and that money then being funneled to all different kinds of people, including Americans and American politicians. And boy, that’s a whole other story. So let me reframe. Let me control myself, but let’s finish with Israel. As Christians, we understand the biblical and prophetic significance surrounding Israel and why we need to bless and not curse Israel. Yet historically, we have vacillated at times in our genuine on wavering support of Israel. When did we fail Israel in the past and how does that serve as a warning to us? And let this be the final kind of look at history Ed
Ed Hardesty: In terms of modern history, really, you don’t have to go back any further than World War ii when boatloads of Jewish refugees running away from the Nazis sought refuge in this country, they were turned away. It wasn’t until to the Truman administration and the UN provision where the United States finally supported Israel, that the state of Israel, the modern state of Israel came into being. There has always been and is only one indigenous group in what today in Canaan, which is today called Israel. There is no such state as Palestine. Palestine. That name was given by a Roman emperor during the second Jewish revolt in the one thirties to disenfranchise and otherwise antagonize Jews. It’s a translation of Philistine. It was meant to aggravate them. There’s no such thing as a place called Palestine. But in the midst of all this, to have the only freedom loving reasonably democratic country in the Middle East as our ally, and then constantly turn our back, tell them what to do and otherwise micromanage them.
Ed Hardesty: It’s absurd. Couple that with the fact that the Abrahamic covenant has never been rescinded and that you are correct in your assumption, I will bless those who bless you. I will curse those who curse you. That doesn’t mean Israel is without faults, that the Knesset today did everything properly, not at all. But the land belongs to the Jewish people because God gave it to them. It also belongs to me because I’m marrying the king. And for Christians in particular that turned a jaundice eye to the land of Israel, the place where God chose and has still continued to choose to work out his marvelous, incredible drama of redemption. It is a foolish, shortsighted thing to do. And this country, as far as I’m concerned, should be all in completely. I have been in Israel for many, many years. I went to school there. I’ve dug in multiple digs.
Ed Hardesty: I lead tours there every year. Someone asked me the other day how many times you’ve been there. It’s somewhere north of 30. I lost track years ago. I feel utterly at home in the state of Israel. Even with all the unrest and difficulty. I feel utterly at home. And to take the side of a demonically inspired evil that perpetrates itself in such barbaric fashion. October 7th is just the most recent version of that. It is absurd. I want to shake my Christian friends who are so vacillating on their position on all this. I want to shake them and say, have you lost your mind? Have you not read your Bible? Are you unclear that the enemies of Israel are in fact godless entities for the most part, driven by the pit of hell? It is insane for my perspective,
Jamie Mitchell: Ed. When October 7th happened, I had an interesting situation where I had numbers of people ask me, what did I know about the Israeli Palestine conflict? And I put together a little seminar, and I did that. I did that for all kinds of groups, churches, and I even did it for a political party that wanted to hear that. And I was shocked, shocked on how many people who claim to be Christians were completely void of the history and the understanding. And when they began to understand history, their eyes open. Ed Hardesty, you’ve been a blessing today. Thank you for giving us your time. Let’s plan to have you back and tap some more of your keen understanding. Friends, the world’s on fire in many ways, and obviously we need to speak out. Praise strategically support our national leaders and all of us to take courage. So as always, at the end of my programs and today I do it again, we need to choose to live and lead with courage in these very difficult days and understand history. Thank you so much. See you back here tomorrow for another stand of the gap.
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