The U.S. Constitution: The Judeo Contribution

The U.S. Constitution: The Judeo Contribution

May 22, 2025

Host: Hon. Sam Rohrer

Co-host: Pastor Matt Recker

Guest: David New

Note: This transcript is taken from a Stand in the Gap Today program aired on 5/22/25. To listen to the podcast, click HERE.

Disclaimer: While reasonable efforts have been made to provide an accurate transcription, the following is a representation of a mechanical transcription and as such, may not be a word for word transcript. Please listen to the audio version for any questions concerning the following dialogue.

Sam Rohrer:

Hello and welcome to this Thursday edition of Stand In the Gap Today and it’s also our bi-monthly focus on the Constitution and American history with of course, constitutional attorney, author, and speaker David New. Now, in just a few moments, David’s going to join me in today’s co-host, pastor Matt Wrecker, pastor from Manhattan at New York City for what I believe will be a most informative program. Now when I say this phrase, Judeo-Christian, would you know how to define that? Most people I think would at least recognize the phrase many would define it as describing perhaps the overall common ground between Christianity and Judaism. Since they obviously as Christians, we know the linkage and they would in large degree be correct. Some would also recognize the T mentioned reference of this phrase as describing the dominant and prevailing worldview during the founding of our nation. They a Judeo-Christian worldview and our early documents of law and the resultant structure of our American form of representative government we know reflects it.

Now according to a modern definition, this from Wikipedia, just from today when I said, what does Judeo-Christian mean? They define it like this. A term used to group Christianity and Judaism together, either in reference to Christianity’s derivation from Judaism, Christianity’s recognition of Jewish scripture as recorded in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible, or values supposed to be shared by the two religions. Now that’s the definition as they gave and it’s generally correct every day on standing the gap. Today we approach all subjects from a biblical worldview perspective, which means a view of life and living from the entirety of the word of God, the Bible, not just the old, not just the New Testament. This of necessity means that true Christianity according to the Bible, which recognizes the entirety of the old and the new together Judaism see of course, does not recognize the New Testament, and therefore according to scripture, will yet experience what Daniel, the book of Daniel talks about the time of Jacob’s trouble or seven year tribulation period will come upon to that nation where upon they will recognize Yeshua as their Messiah and then they will cry out as the Old Testament says, blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord and it’s that crying out by the Jewish people that precipitates Christ second coming.

Now today our focus is not going to be on those theological underpinnings of that, but we are going to identify some of the Old Testament principles established by God to be implemented first by the Jewish people and the nation of Israel and which that our Christian founders, our earliest Christian founders in particular, understood very well that model, that model for any nation who wished to be blessed by God not cursed or judged by God as explained so clearly in the book of Deuteronomy of the Old Testament. But the condition placed there first to the early nation of Israel was recognized by our earliest founders as applicable to all nations and that was fear God and keep his commands and be blessed of God, reject God, spur his commands and experience the judgment of God. Now that was God’s message to the world and when Israel obeyed, they were blessed. When they feared God and they wanted his blessing, they obeyed when they did. God blessed now as we’ve spurned God and walked away in pride in our nation, God’s judgment on America is being felt today with an increasingly heavy hand just like Israel of old. That’s the connection there. But with that background and place, the title I’ve chosen to frame our conversation today is this, the US Constitution, the Judeo contribution. And with that, David, welcome to the program.

David New:

Well blessings to you and everyone with us. It’s so nice to be here.

Sam Rohrer:

David, I gave some background and I thought it was important to understanding the part we’re looking at the Jude contribution, but it fits, it cannot be separated from Judeo Christian and what I just explained. Any additional thoughts you’d want to add to what I just said in any way? If not, Matt’s going to ask you the follow-up question.

Matt Recker:

No, go right ahead.

Sam Rohrer:

Okay, Matt?

Matt Recker:

Yes, David, thank you for joining us. So I understand that you went to law school at Georgetown in Georgetown law school in Washington DC and I would be interested for you to describe any instruction you received in Old Testament law or the Judeo or Jewish portion of our legal system and some of the instruction that entailed in that.

David New:

Yes. One of my favorite areas of study in the New Testament in the Bible is the Jewish background of the New Testament. And I had that interest long before I went to law school, but when I went to law school, you’re required at Georgetown to write two papers, your main paper and your secondary paper. Your main paper has to be 25 pages at least your secondary paper can be 10 pages. For my main paper I took a course called Judaic Sources of American Law and my paper, the course was taught by the rabbis as well as a lawyer, a professor who is Jewish. And so my paper was on that subject. I dealt with the Jews in America up to 1776. My B paper was about espionage. It was taught by a professor, a law professor who was a lawyer for the CIA and I studied the espionage between Britain and the United States, what each side was doing to the other in terms of espionage. And so even after law school I went to Talman class every Thursday taught by the rabbis again for years to study the Talmud and the Jewish thinking. So this type of subject right here is right down my alley. I love knowing the Jewish background of things and that’s why I prepared a lot of this material for today’s discussion.

Sam Rohrer:

Okay. David, we don’t have much time left before the break, but I would just ask you this, there’s a clear connection between the Judeo Old Testament provision. That’s what we’re going to lay out today. But in your studies and as you’ve ran across, are you aware of any, what I would say practicing Jewish person who played an important part in our founding? I don’t know, but you may.

David New:

Absolutely. His name is Jaime Solomon.

Sam Rohrer:

Okay. That’s correct.

David New:

And he was a main financier. He managed the money for the continental Army. He got loans for the United States during the American Revolution and he worked very closely with Robert Morris, who was an extremely rich man and made lots of money contributions to keeping the revolution alive. So alive, Hiam Solomon is a definite key person that George Washington looked to keep the revolution going financially and in shape.

Sam Rohrer:

Okay, and that’s a great one. That was the only one I guess that I had thought of. And ladies and gentlemen, you may not have known that, but there were independent financiers of our nation at the beginning because there was no place else to go. And some like even the signers of the declaration actually committed most of all of their states to this grand experiment. It’s amazing thing. Alright, now when we come back, our theme today, the US Constitution, the Judeo contribution, that which comes primarily from the Old Testament and is factored into our constitution and our frame of law with director. Well if you’re just joining us today, welcome aboard. This is our bimonthly focus. Every other Thursday we do it on the Constitution, US Constitution primarily sometimes talk about state constitution but US Constitution and always connect with it some aspect of American history because you just can’t.

The two obviously our speaker or our special guest that’s with us always for this is David new constitutional attorney, historian, author and public speaker and it’s good to have him back with Pastor Matt Recker and the co-host chair. Today we’re looking at the Judeo contribution. Obviously when you consider our country as we just talked about, Judeo-Christian are terms that generally go together. Judeo generally Old Testament, Christian New Testament. We as believers know that the entire old and New Testament comprise the word of God. The Jews of today, unless they’re a Messianic Jew, do not believe that the New Testament is connected. We know it is and that’s what Jesus Christ himself has said, and we know that, but that’s not our focus today. But we are connecting the fact in looking at how elements of principles directly from the pages of the Bible and we’re focusing on the Old Testament today, have found their way and found their way into our very basis of law.

Now, one of the most recognized phrases within our American organic documents of law, that means the organic documents of law are comprised of the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. One of those phrases is found at the beginning of our constitution. It are these words, we the people, you all know that, right? We the people, and this is the entire preamble. We the people of the United States in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. We the people do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America. Okay, David, most people are not aware of the origination of this phrase. I thought that it just came out of the blue we the people, but it does have its roots in the Old Testament and it’s a first representation perhaps or an evidence of the Judeo component of recalling it, of the framing of our constitution. Would you share your perspective of that origination and the linkage of this phrase, we the people?

David New:

Yes sir. The Book of Exodus is a story much more than just the deliverance of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. It is a type for our freedom from sin given by Christ, which is one of the reasons why the New Testament is constantly comparing Moses with Christ, that Christ basically finished the work that Moses started in the Exodus and in an ultimate abstract sense, the people has its embryonic birth. In the Book of Exodus, for example, president Adams, John Adams, the second president said, I will insist that the Hebrews have done more to civilized men than any other nation. He said that in 1809, he said Faith had ordained the Jews to be the most essential instruments for civilizing the nations. Basically it means that all freedom movements, all of them that are for good, that are trying to deliver a man from bondage, basically have their birth in the Book of Exodus.

In the sense the book of Exodus is the original and first declaration of independence. And so when we talk about we the people that is born by God in deliverance on that event in the first 12 chapters of the book. And so this is why our constitution has definite roots in the Bible. For example, one of the things that we do in this country is as a result of the influence of the Jews in America is that we send out missionaries. The United States export missionaries more than any other country in the world. And President Calvin Coolidge stated that missionaries are Christian, missionaries are part of US foreign policy. And he said that in his inaugural address of 19 25, 1 of the reasons why four nations don’t like Christian missionaries is because spiritual freedom can lead very quickly to political freedom

And therefore many nations don’t want the Bible. They don’t want Christian missionaries because they are a threat to their authoritarian systems. This is what the president Calvin Goli had to say. See if you think of any modern president would dare say something like this. He said quote, America seeks no earthly empire built on blood and force the legions, which she says forth are armed not with the sword, but with the cross. The higher state to which she seeks the allegiance of all mankind is not of human but of divine origin. She cherishes no purpose save to merit the favor of almighty God. And that’s why America’s event, America’s life is so interconnected with Judaism. We know for example, the Puritans, the pilgrims, they were called Old Testament Christians because they were devoted to their Old Testament. And of course the Americans saw themselves as a reenactment of Israel. Boston was the Jerusalem of this land. The Atlantic Ocean was crossing the Red Sea, the king of England was Pharaoh. And when George Washington died in 1799, no less of a person than Thomas Jefferson said, A great one has fallen in Israel.

Matt Recker:

That’s beautiful David. And I love that foreign policy to carry the gospel and the sword of the spirit to the ends of the earth. We need to get back to that kind of foreign policy more and more. But in what you were just sharing, you talked about two words, liberty and freedom. You did mention them, and these words obviously are perceived to be the same thing and we often use them interchangeably, but is there a nuance of difference between them legally and would you compare and contrast these words, liberty and freedom?

David New:

Well, the word liberty is a biblical word. It’s first used in the Bible and the basic meaning of liberty has more to do with political legal rights of an individual. Freedom is slightly different. It is a broader concept than political legal rights. It has more to do with just being free to do all kinds of things. I’m free to go fishing, I’m free to get a job anywhere I want. I’m free to buy my property over there. So the word freedom is a broader concept to where the individual can pursue his or her own individual. So liberty, a little bit more narrow than freedom.

Sam Rohrer:

Okay. And David, there is obviously that use of the word freedom is written right on our Liberty Bell, isn’t it? In the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, right from the book of Leviticus. Do you remember that phrase Proclaim

David New:

Absolutely.

Sam Rohrer:

Yeah. Go ahead and say it.

David New:

And this is again, this is where America is identifying herself with liberty. In Leviticus 25 verse, I think verse 10, and this again is how America saw herself in particular, the era that America identified with was the period before King Saul, that period after Moses and the articles, our articles of confederation was seen as a reenactment of that period of the judges where after Moses has died and before King Solomon comes on, where you have 13 independent colonies just like you had these 12 tribes of Israel independent, but yet working together as one group.

Sam Rohrer:

Yeah. See that’s a fantastic thing. When we understand that ladies and gentlemen and David and Matt, we at a PN are promoting July 6th right before July 4th, the Sunday there as Liberty Sunday. And Dr. Jamie Mitchell and I actually did a program on Liberty Sunday where we talked about this and what we’re talking about. And David, let me augment what you said and give it here and that is this, the definition of liberty in the Webster’s dictionary of 1828, which would’ve been at the time when all of this was being done at Liberty, it meant was to be free from restraint and applies to the body, the will or the mind. So it is as you talk, David, being set free from the bondage that that bondage of sin puts us in a complete different area. There’s natural liberty, there’s civil liberty, there’s political liberty, there’s different aspects of liberty, religious liberty and freedom as defined back 1828 was this the state of being at liberty.

So it’s very difficult. Ladies and Jamas, our founders knew to be able to put together a nation that’s free like us. We’ve been without understanding that it comes from liberty being set free from the bondage of sin. We’ll get more into that. But we didn’t just happen. Those who went before us knew their Bible, the old and the new and what we have had for a long time comes right off the page as our problem is that we forget that that’s where it came from. Well, in this segment and next David and Matt, let’s shift gears and ladies and gentlemen, we’re going to move from I think that last segment and the first laying down the foundation for what we’re talking about, this Judeo-Christian influence upon our constitution, our frame of government. It was well thought out, it was well known. It involved both Judeo Old Testament and obviously New Testament Christian put together with the full understanding that comes from Christ teaching in the New Testament as the fulfillment of the mosaic.

Old Testament law. You put together Judeo Christian, but it’s Christian that understands and interprets what that is mean, that Judeo Christian, it’s not just a separate Judeo thought and a separate Christian thought, no, it’s all one Bible and God puts it together in the person of Jesus Christ. That’s what the Bible teaches. Our founders understood that, but they also understood how God worked with Israel and that the principles applied and read in the Old Testament were applicable 2000 years ago, 400 years ago today. Now in this segment and next again, we’re going to provide some further direct evidence of the Judeo or the Old Testament legal principles that God established to be carried out by his chosen nation of Israel and his chosen people, the Jews, but designed to be the model for all nations, all Gentile or non-Jewish nations. Israel was to lead the way and to be an example to the entire world, Gentile world, the entire world.

That was the plan. Now our Christian founders clearly understood God’s model, what I just explained, or the roadmap for national blessing as carefully integrated and they did multiple principles. They implemented with intentionality into our frame of government. In fact, it was William Penn and his, we called it Frame of Government 1682, who identified so many of these principles, which I carefully detail in my book, America’s Roadmap to Renewal, which was first published the end of 2022, and you can find it on Amazon, God’s Roadmap for Renewal. But it picks up all of these basic principles that our founders identified, incorporated, and then implemented. Now we’re going to try and identify as many here as we can in our time remaining. David, there is one passage in the Old Testament which you believe has perhaps a most significant impact on American law and jurisprudence. Can you share that passage and the direct impact that it’s had?

David New:

Yes. There are some passages in the Bible obviously that are very popular within the American culture. One of them is the golden rule of Matthew seven 12. But within the legal community of the United States, there is one passage that is super important and that is Deuteronomy 1915. Let me quote what it says At the mouth of two witnesses or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established? Deuteronomy 1915 or Deuteronomy 17 six is the sole rule of evidence for Old Testament courts, for Jewish courts. And of course this rule is repeated in the New Testament. In two Corinthians 13 verse, one of my favorite sayings is Judaism is Christianity concealed and Christianity is Judaism revealed. Now if you want to find out how important Deuteronomy 1915 is, ladies and gentlemen, go to your computer and just enter on Google the two witness rule and you’ll be given a giant list of how American law was influenced.

It may not tell you that that two witness rule comes from Deuteronomy 1915, but it most assuredly does and historians have credited that to be true. One of the ways, for example, was at the silent witch trials at the silent wood trials, 20 people were executed, but about 200 were suspected. And one of the ways these people who were innocent of witchcraft got off was because of Deuteronomy 19, verse 15. That was one of the methods, the US Constitution, article three, section three, all of that paragraph, the very first paragraph, all of it comes straight from Deuteronomy 19 verse 50 by way of English common law. In the ancient times, the king would redefine the word treason. If there was somebody they didn’t want alive in wanted to get rid of, they would accuse them of treason and they would manipulate the definition of treason to where it could be just about anything to get rid of that person.

So what did the framers of the Constitution do to make sure that doesn’t happen in the United States? They went to the Bible and if you look at Article three, section three, this paragraph treason against the United States shall consist only in leveling war against them. Notice the plural is used here in the Constitution. The United States is written not as a singular nation, but as a plural nation because of the states. It wasn’t until after the Civil War that the United States became one nation in the sense that we use it today, then it goes on or adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person here is Deuteronomy 1915. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or on confession and open court. That is the Bible right in the US Constitution. And how did that play out in American history?

The trial of Aaron Burr during Jefferson’s first term, Aaron Burr was vice president of the United States. Subsequent to that, Mr. Burr was accused of participating in a conspiracy against the United States for trying to break off parts of it to make his own empire. Historians fight about how true that was. But in any case, he was indicted by the United States as former vice president for treason. What got him off? He did get off what got them off. Deuteronomy 19 verse 15. That’s what got them off. The United States government could not produce two witnesses to verify Aaron Burr’s treason. They had two witnesses, but they didn’t want to produce the other one because the other one was chief of the Army and he was part of the conspiracy until he chickened out and ratted out Burr. And the United States didn’t want to put this guy on the stand to say that the chief of the army is part of this conspiracy. So that’s how he was able to get off. You can look at the two witness rules and wills and leases. Many, many legal documents that you’ll sign will require two witness people to sign that document. All of this comes from Deuteronomy 1915. So you talking about how the Bible influenced American law, not only in this country, but in the Philippines. Their issues of treason are dealt with the two witness rule there as well. So it’s fascinating how the Bible has influenced American law.

Matt Recker:

Sure is. And it just shows the power of God’s word, even one word from God. Deuteronomy 1915 in this case is so powerful. So there are other phrases and principles that are so foundational to our legal system, David, such as one is innocent until proven guilty or trial by jury or by one’s peers. Do these phrases also find their origination in Old Testament or Judeo law as well?

David New:

For example, the Bill of Rights was influenced by Deuteronomy 1915. If you look at the Fifth Amendment, you cannot be compelled to be a witness against yourself. No self-incrimination. Where does that come from? Where does it come from? It comes from how the rabbis interpreted Deuteronomy 19, verse 15. So you cannot be compelled to be a witness against yourself because of that verse. Deuteronomy 1915 also prohibits torture. And the rabbinic interpretation of Deuteronomy 1915 was even more strict than American law in the Constitution because in our constitution they would accept a confession in open court. The Jews will not and the Jewish law accept a confession either it’s got to be by two witnesses. So the Bill of Rights, the Fifth Amendment, no self-incrimination, I cannot be forced to testify against myself, comes directly from scripture. And the US Supreme Court, by the way, has referred to this fact. It doesn’t necessarily agree that it comes from the no self-incrimination comes from Deuteronomy 1915, but they refer to it upon that. They refer to it right in Miranda versus Arizona. And on page 4 58 of that decision, they talk about how Deuteronomy 1915 and influenced American law in the Fifth Amendment.

Sam Rohrer:

Alright ladies and gentlemen, and we’re just hitting a few. Yeah, all of those things we talked about that we take for granted in our system of law and justice, right off the page is of scripture. The problem is that when we forget, that’s where it came from and judges distort where it came from, that’s where it happens. But the basis of it is Old Testament and Judeo, as we’d say, old Testament. We come back, we’ll share a few additional ones as well. It’s just so clear. It’s really remarkable. Well, as we enter our final program, again, thanks for everybody for being a part here today and for taking time from your schedule. And I hope that you consider a time well spent. I know that there are many listening who to the best of their ability never miss a program. But if you do, if you’re listening to it on radio, which most do and you aren’t able to catch a program, you can pick it up.

And I would encourage you to do so by listening to our app. And if you haven’t download that to your phone, you can, it’s free. It’s Stand in the Gap. And you can pick up all of our programs, this one the Minute program. The Weekend program, our TV programs, and you can communicate to us. There’s a whole lot of information on there. You can partner with us financially easily from that or our website, stand in the gap radio.com. So I just remind of that to you. And then again, if you’re listening, like most people, you don’t have a pen in your hand, but there are things that you say, well, I don’t want to forget what I just heard. If you’re like me, if you don’t write it down, you’re going to forget it. But you can go back when you access the program, either on our app or the website, you’ll also have access to a transcript and that transcript, then you can read down through that.

And most of that information is on there, excuse me, is correct. I will say just for transparency purposes, that the transcript is generated and this is how we’ve chosen to use it. Ai, we use a mechanism ai, which translates the entire program, transcribes it really from spoken word to written word in a matter of minutes. But we do have a disclaimer on that because it does not pick up everything exactly. And so if you read a transcript, you’ll know that there are some spots in there that it’s not exact 100%. So I encourage you when you read the transcript, to listen to it audibly to the program if you have something you’re really wanting to note and then you can compare that. But it’s 99% correct. I will say it’s not full of errors, but there are some that occur because of that. Anyways, take advantage of that and I would encourage you to do so. David, there are a few other things here that we can highlight. Can you provide one more example, for instance of an amendment to the Constitution that has its roots in the Old Testament and the last one, you referred to the Fifth Amendment, but is there another one that you can highlight before we look for some other examples?

David New:

Absolutely. It is amazing how our secular neighbors have completely missed all this information. They failed to understand how much the Bible has influenced the American law. And another area is the Sixth Amendment. The sixth Amendment to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights says that we are entitled to a speedy trial by an impartial jury. Well, what is the number That’s to make up jury. What is that number? It is the number 12. In a federal court you cannot have any less than 12 people as part of the jury. In many states in the United States, for certain crimes they can have a member jury or an eight member jury. But for federal crimes they have to have 12. Where does this come from? It comes from the Bible. Ancient Middle Eastern historians talked about how the number impacted the jury size. Here’s one quote. This is no less esteemed by our own law than by wholly as if the 12 apostles on their 12 thrones must try us in our eternal state.

Good reason half the law to appoint the number 12 to try us in our temporal courts. The tribes of Israel were 12. The patriarchs were 12. Solomon’s officers were 12. Another quote said, as Christ at his 12 apostles, were finally to judge the world. So human tribunals should be composed of the king and 12 wise men. So here the Sixth Amendment jury trials in the federal government, where did the federal government, where did the author of the Bill of Rights look to for how many to put on a federal jury? They looked to the Bible. By the way, if you know grand juries consist of 23 members.

Where does that number come from? That’s right. It comes from the Sanhedrin. Jerusalem had the number one Sanhedrin called the Great Sanhedrin, and it had 71 members, but there were smaller divisions of the Sanhedrin spaced out within Jerusalem. They were smaller Sanhedrin and they consisted of 23 members. So the Bible, again, has enormous influence on our law, on our law, and our culture. Just look up the two witness rule and you’ll see it everywhere. And I’m sad to say as our country is moving away from Christianity, although there seems to be good evidence that that may be in the process of reversing, one of the reasons why our Jewish neighbors are suffering terrible events today is because of the lack of influence of Christianity. When you see people attacking Jews the way they are right now in this country, at Columbia University and so forth, what you’re really seeing is the decline of the influence of the Christian religion because this is a Judeo-Christian country. And when Christianity loses influence, Judaism will fall with us. We stand or fall together.

Matt Recker:

Yes, we certainly do. And David, thank you for referencing these things. And our prayers are with those sweet Jewish families and of Jewish, those two young people who were killed yesterday, beautiful young people killed yesterday, right in Washington DC of prayers are with their families. So let’s move from the number 12 really to the number 10. And we think of the 10 Commandments, which once hung in all of our courtrooms and public school classrooms. Can you expand a bit on the recognition of the 10 Commandments in our judicial system, and then further evidence from this of how the Judeo-Christian legal system has contributed to our constitution as well.

David New:

The 10 Commandments are fundamental to Western civilization. Western civilization is built upon the 10 commandments. King Alfred, the Great, when he was putting his laws together in England in the ninth century, if my memory serves me correct, he began by listing the 10 Commandments when President Truman was talking about what we need to do to bring to the world what we need to bring justice to the world. He talked about the Sermon on the Mount and the 10 Commandments. So did President Calvin Coolidge. The 10 Commandments are part of America’s foreign law, foreign policy. President Reagan had the same attitude. The 10 Commandments are profound and they are American as anything could possibly be.

Sam Rohrer:

And David and ladies and gentlemen we’re about at the end. But just think about it. No matter where you look, you get an idea of this, the idea of the separation of powers, where’d that come from? Isaiah chapter 33 and 22. But the Lord is our judge talked about accountability before the law. He is our law giver. He’s a source of truth. He’s our king. That’s the authority to implement justice under the law. The three branches of government comes from there. Representative government comes from the Old Testament, limited government praise. Those who do well, punish those who do evil, limited government, small government comes from the word of God. We can’t get away from it. Ladies and gentlemen, it’s too bad that we have, because most people have no idea of what we just talked about, including those who will sit in the courtroom and those who make our laws today. And that is most unfortunate with great consequences. David, you thank you so much for being with us today. Matt Recker from New York City. Thanks for being aboard. Ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for being with us today.